Lecture Nine, 12th of December 2007
Syntax - parts of speech categories & subcategories
1. Introduction
2. Learner's Diary
3. Tasks and Quizzes
4. Evaluation
5. References
1. Introduction
Topic was the introduction to the field of syntax and the different parts of speech categories and subcategories. The linguistics syntax is the structure of sentence that means it determines how words fit into a grammatically context.
2. Learner's Diary
Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in syntax
Parts of speech – categories
Noun categories
Determiners
Articles
- definite: the
- indefinite: a
Possessive:
- my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Demonstratives
- proximal: this
- distal: that
Relatives, interrogatives
- what
- which
- whose
Quantifiers
- cardinal numerals: one, two, …
- existential: some, several, few, many, …
- dual: both, either, …
- universal: each, every, all, ...
Adjectives
scalar
- small ... big
- cold ... hot
- hairless ... hairy
polar
- alive / dead
- married / unmarried
appraisive
- good
- great
- wonderful
ordinal
- first, second, ...
Special scalar adjectives
adverbs of degree:
- very
- highly
- extremely
- incredibly
Nouns
Proper nouns
Names
- personal
- place
- product, etc.
Common nouns
Countable nouns: knife, fork, spoon
Mass nouns (uncountable nouns)
- bread ( a slice of bread)
- butter ( a piece of butter)
- jam ( a spoonful of jam)
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
- I/me, you, he/him, she/her, we/us, they
Possessive pronouns
- mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
Demonstrative pronouns
- proximal: this
- distal: that, yonder (archaic)
Quantifier pronouns
- cardinal numerals: one, two, ...
- existential: some, several, few, many, ...
- dual: both, either; universal: each, every, all, ...
Relative pronouns
- more like conjunctions
Verb categories
Verbs
Main verbs
finite forms:
- person (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
- number (singular, plural)
- tense (present, past)
non-finite forms
- infinitive
- participle:
- present
Periphrastic verbs (auxiliary verb + non-finite main verb)
modal: can, may, will, shall, ought, ...
aspectual: be+prespart (continuous), have+pastpart (perfect)
passive: be+pastpart
Adverbs
Deictic
- here, there, now, then
Time (when)
- soon, immediately, yesterday, ...
Place & direction (where)
- upwards, into, towards
Manner (how)
- slowly, quickly
- cleverly, stupidly
- nicely, nastily
- well
Degree
- better dealt with in connection with adjectives
Glue categories
Prepositions
Express syntagmatic relations
Basically - make nominal expressions into adverbial expressions
Pretty much the same categories as adverbs
Except the "all purpose preposition" of
Conjunctions
Express syntagmatic relations
Co-ordinating conjunctions
- and, but
Subordinating conjunctions
conjunction - like relative pronouns
- who, which, that
- make sentences (clauses) into adjective - like noun modifiers
- i. e. basically: make sentences (clauses) into adverb - like modifiers
Interjections
Express syntagmatic relations
Interjections link parts of dialogues together:
- "Hi!"
- "er"
- "huh?"
They may also be expressions of subjective reactions:
- "Ouch!"
- "Wow!"
Phrasal categories
Definitions
Adjective Phrase (DegreeAdverb) Adjective
Nominal Phrase (Adjective Phrase) Noun
Noun Phrase (Determiner) Nominal Phrase (Relative Clause)
It is possible to add as much adjectives to a noun as practicable, example:
The very first twenty-five extremely young smart yellow ducks
The conceptual and actual world
internal language - sense
external language - performance & denotation
3. Tasks and Quizzes
Identify the part of speech of each word in this text
Inquests into the deaths of four women who were killed in Suffolk have been opened and adjourned. The hearing at Ipswich Coroner's Court found no clear cause of death for Tania Nicol and Annette Nicholls. Anneli Alderton was asphyxiated and Paula Clennell died from compression of the neck, coroner Dr Peter Dean said.The inquest into the death of another victim, Gemma Adams, was opened last week. Police are continuing to question two men about the murders. The first suspect, Tom Stephens, 37, was arrested on Monday. A second man being held has been named locally as 48-year-old Stephen Wright. Both are suspected of killing all five women.
Words Part of speech
Inquests noun
into preposition
the definite article
death uncountable noun
of preposition
four cardinal number
who relative pronoun
were killed main verb
in preposition
Suffolk noun
have been opened main verb
and coordinating conjunction
adjourned main verb
The definite article
hearing noun
at preposition
Ipswich Corner's Court noun
found main verb
no negation
clear adjective
cause noun
of preposition
death noun
for preposition
Tania Nicol noun
and coordinating conjunction
Annette Nicolls noun
Anneli Alderton noun
was asphyxiated main verb
and coordinating conjunction
Paula Clennell noun
dies main verb
from preposition
compression noun
of preposition
the definite article
neck noun
Coroner noun
Dr Peter Dean noun
said main verb
The definite article
inquest uncountable noun
into preposition
the definite article
death uncountable noun
of preposition
another quantifier pronoun
victim countable noun
Gemma Adams noun
was opened main verb
last adverb
week countable noun
Police uncountable noun
are continuing main verb
to question infinitive verb
two cardinal number
men countable noun
about preposition
murders uncountable noun
The definite article
first ordinal number
suspect countable noun
Tom Stephens noun
37 cardinal number
was arrested main verb
on preposition
Monday noun
A indefinite article
second ordinal number
man countable noun
being held passive verb + ing
has been named main verb
locally adverb of manner
Both dual quantifier
Are suspected main verb
Of preposition
Killing genitive object
All universal quantifier
Five cardinal number
Women countable noun
Group the words into larger units
nouns, articles, verbs, numbers, adverbs, prepositions, adjectives, conjunctions, …
Glue categories
Preposition
What is the meaning of “of”?
Of is a preposition and has different meanings (containing, possession, date, position, characteristics, …
Construct prepositional phrases corresponding to the types of adverbs.
time I am waiting since 20 minutes.
manner He is walking fast along the street.
direction Go down the street.
place The book is under the table.
conjunction
Find examples of conjunctions of each type and put them into sentences
I do my homework and drink a nice cup of tea.
I want to go to the party but I am to tiered.
Should we eat some chicken or a salad.
She felt asleep because the lecture was so boring.
We should go out together when you are back,.
Interjection
Find examples of 5 different interjections
Gosh (surprise)
Ahem (attention)
Ugh (disgust)
Shh (demand for silence)
Well (introducing a remark)
Select a newspaper text (about 2 or 3 sentences, not too short)
Early this month, the Farc said that it would hand the three captives over to Mr Chavez or someone designated by him. The hostage is Clara Rojas, captured during her 2002 vice-presidential campaign.
Make a small dictionary of the parts of speech
Early adverb
this pronoun
month noun
the definite article
Farc noun, proper name
said verb
that pronoun
it noun
could auxiliary verb
hand verb
the definite article
three cardinal number
captives noun
over belongs to verb
to preposition
Mr Chavez noun
or conjunction
someone pronoun
designated verb
by preposition
him personal pronoun
The definite article
hostage noun
is verb
Clara Rojas noun
captured verb
during preposition
her personal pronoun
2002 cardinal number
vice-presidential campaign
(
4. Evaluation
Interesting lecture and not to fast. It wasn't to difficult because the lesson was well structured. It is not obvious, if we need all the terms for the exam.
5. References
http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/~gibbon/Classes/Classes2007WS/ITL/index.html
http://www.independent.co.uk//eceRedirect?articleId=3289218&pubId=55
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