Lecture Six, 20th of November 2007
Types of Lexical Information - Pronunciation
1. Introduction
2. Learner's Diary
3. Tasks and Quizzes
4. Evaluation
5. References
1. Introduction
Topic of this lecture was pronunciation, the difference between phonetic and phonemic transcriptions and the complex structure of English syllables.
2. Learner's Diary
Surface structure
- linguistic description - metalanguage
- units of language - object language
Surface structure
Dictionaries
- metalanguage, the typography and layout of a book, hypertext, ...
Words in dictionaries
- object language
- spelling
- pronunciation
Types of lexical information – pronunciation
Transcriptions
phonetic transcriptions
- broad phonetic transcription:
- does not need any details
- represent phonemes as they occur in the text
- narrow phonetic transcription
- very detailed
- allophones can be seen
- represents the details of phones
phonemic representation
- phonemic transcription
- transcription in dictionaries
- in the IPA
- the minimum amount of pronunciation to distinguish a word
morphonemic representation
- represents morphophonemes as they occur in grammatical contexts
phonemic transcription
- transcription used in dictionaries
- preferably in the IPA
- minimum amount of pronunciation
phonetic transcription
- as many details as possible
- actual pronunciation of phonemes (allophones, clear and dark l)
Prosodic hierarchy
Phonemes
- function: “smallest word-distinguishing segments”
- internal structure: “configuations of distinctive phonetic features”
- external structure (see syllables)
- rendering: “contextual variants”, “allophones”
Syllables
- function: “word distinguishing phoneme configurations”
- internal structure: “configurations of sequential features (consonantal, vocalic; voiced, unvoiced; ...) and simultaneous features (tone, accent)
- external structure (word)
- rendering: a function of the rendering of phonemes
Phonemes are signs
- function: smallest word-distinguishing segments
- internal structure: distinctive features
- external structure: smallest unit of a syllable
- rendering/appearance: set of allophones
English syllables
Basic syllable structure
- CCCVVCCC, e.g. /streIndZ/ - but affricates /dZ/, count as 1 phoneme, though phonetically they have 2 parts.
More detailed syllable structure - like a map
- this kind of map is sometimes called a transition network or a state diagramme - each transition from one circle/node/state describes the correct position of one phoneme.
Spelling-to-sound rules
Spelling, visual modality
“i before e except after c”, consonant doubling
Graphemes, character combination corresponding to a phoneme
3. Tasks and Quizzes
Make a list of 5 spelling rules
- ck may only be used after a single vowel that does not say its name at the end of a syllable or root word.
- If a word ends in a consonant plus y, change the y to and i, before adding any ending, except ing.
- ous at the end of a word often means full of.
- double l, f, and s after a single short vowel at the end of a word.
- Drop the final e from a root word before adding an ending beginning with a vowel, but keep it before a consonant.
(http://www.amity.org.uk/Training/Spelling%20Rules/Spelling%20Rules.htm, 22.11.2007)
Make a list of 5 main spelling problems
- swallowed syllables, three syllables pronounced as two syllables.
- silent letters
- homophones, words which sound the same.
- same sound, different spelling
- unusual letter combinations
(http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aaspellinga.htm, 22.11.2007)
List the consonants of German which do not occur in English
The consonants /ç/, /X/ and ß
List the consonants of English which do not occur in German
The consonants /θ/ and /ð/
List the vowels of German which do not occur in English
The vowels /o/, /ø/, /y/, /oə/ and /ү/
List the vowels of English which do not occur in German
The vowels /з/ and /æ/
List the characters of German which do not occur in English
The characters ä, ö, ü, ß
List the characters of English which do not occur in German
All occur in German
List 5 English graphemes containing more than one character
ea - tea, beauty, meat
oi - oil, boil
kn - knight
sh - ship
ck - clock
List 5 German graphemes containing more than one character
ch - Mädchen, Eiche
ie - Fliege, siegen
sch - schlafen
pf - Pflug, pfeifen
au – Klaue
4. Revision
The syllable structure was very interesting, a huge number. The lecture was useful to give all the fact of the lectures a structure.
5. References
http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/~gibbon/Classes/Classes2007WS/ITL/index.html
http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aaspellinga.htm
http://www.amity.org.uk/Training/Spelling%20Rules/Spelling%20Rules.htm
Types of Lexical Information - Pronunciation
1. Introduction
2. Learner's Diary
3. Tasks and Quizzes
4. Evaluation
5. References
1. Introduction
Topic of this lecture was pronunciation, the difference between phonetic and phonemic transcriptions and the complex structure of English syllables.
2. Learner's Diary
Surface structure
- linguistic description - metalanguage
- units of language - object language
Surface structure
Dictionaries
- metalanguage, the typography and layout of a book, hypertext, ...
Words in dictionaries
- object language
- spelling
- pronunciation
Types of lexical information – pronunciation
Transcriptions
phonetic transcriptions
- broad phonetic transcription:
- does not need any details
- represent phonemes as they occur in the text
- narrow phonetic transcription
- very detailed
- allophones can be seen
- represents the details of phones
phonemic representation
- phonemic transcription
- transcription in dictionaries
- in the IPA
- the minimum amount of pronunciation to distinguish a word
morphonemic representation
- represents morphophonemes as they occur in grammatical contexts
phonemic transcription
- transcription used in dictionaries
- preferably in the IPA
- minimum amount of pronunciation
phonetic transcription
- as many details as possible
- actual pronunciation of phonemes (allophones, clear and dark l)
Prosodic hierarchy
Phonemes
- function: “smallest word-distinguishing segments”
- internal structure: “configuations of distinctive phonetic features”
- external structure (see syllables)
- rendering: “contextual variants”, “allophones”
Syllables
- function: “word distinguishing phoneme configurations”
- internal structure: “configurations of sequential features (consonantal, vocalic; voiced, unvoiced; ...) and simultaneous features (tone, accent)
- external structure (word)
- rendering: a function of the rendering of phonemes
Phonemes are signs
- function: smallest word-distinguishing segments
- internal structure: distinctive features
- external structure: smallest unit of a syllable
- rendering/appearance: set of allophones
English syllables
Basic syllable structure
- CCCVVCCC, e.g. /streIndZ/ - but affricates /dZ/, count as 1 phoneme, though phonetically they have 2 parts.
More detailed syllable structure - like a map
- this kind of map is sometimes called a transition network or a state diagramme - each transition from one circle/node/state describes the correct position of one phoneme.
Spelling-to-sound rules
Spelling, visual modality
“i before e except after c”, consonant doubling
Graphemes, character combination corresponding to a phoneme
3. Tasks and Quizzes
Make a list of 5 spelling rules
- ck may only be used after a single vowel that does not say its name at the end of a syllable or root word.
- If a word ends in a consonant plus y, change the y to and i, before adding any ending, except ing.
- ous at the end of a word often means full of.
- double l, f, and s after a single short vowel at the end of a word.
- Drop the final e from a root word before adding an ending beginning with a vowel, but keep it before a consonant.
(http://www.amity.org.uk/Training/Spelling%20Rules/Spelling%20Rules.htm, 22.11.2007)
Make a list of 5 main spelling problems
- swallowed syllables, three syllables pronounced as two syllables.
- silent letters
- homophones, words which sound the same.
- same sound, different spelling
- unusual letter combinations
(http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aaspellinga.htm, 22.11.2007)
List the consonants of German which do not occur in English
The consonants /ç/, /X/ and ß
List the consonants of English which do not occur in German
The consonants /θ/ and /ð/
List the vowels of German which do not occur in English
The vowels /o/, /ø/, /y/, /oə/ and /ү/
List the vowels of English which do not occur in German
The vowels /з/ and /æ/
List the characters of German which do not occur in English
The characters ä, ö, ü, ß
List the characters of English which do not occur in German
All occur in German
List 5 English graphemes containing more than one character
ea - tea, beauty, meat
oi - oil, boil
kn - knight
sh - ship
ck - clock
List 5 German graphemes containing more than one character
ch - Mädchen, Eiche
ie - Fliege, siegen
sch - schlafen
pf - Pflug, pfeifen
au – Klaue
4. Revision
The syllable structure was very interesting, a huge number. The lecture was useful to give all the fact of the lectures a structure.
5. References
http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/~gibbon/Classes/Classes2007WS/ITL/index.html
http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aaspellinga.htm
http://www.amity.org.uk/Training/Spelling%20Rules/Spelling%20Rules.htm
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