Lecture Eight, 5th December 2007
Structure of language
1. Introduction
2. Learner's Diary
3. Tasks and Quizzes
4. Evaluation
5. References
1.Introduction
The lesson was parted in the topic Structure of language, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and about syntax.
2. Learner's Diary
The structure of language
structural relations
syntagmatic relations and paradigmatic relations
semiotic relations
interpretation relations and realisation relations; relations which relate the object structures to the real world
ranks
phoneme, morpheme, word (simplex, derived, compound), sentence, text, dialogue
What is structure?
constitutive relation
structural relations
- syntagmatic relations: combinatory relations which create larger
signs (and their realisations and interpretations) from smaller signs
(and their realisations and interpretations)
- paradigmatic relations: classificatory relations of similarity and
difference between signs.
semiotic relations
- realisation: the visual appearance or acoustic representation of
signs (other senses may also be involved).
- interpretation: the assignment of meaning to a sign.
Paradigmatic relations
Syntax (relations of "choice") classificatory relations of similarity and difference between signs
Phonology (relations of "choice") classificatory relations of similarity and difference between signs
Morphology (relations of "choice") classificatory relations of similarity and difference between signs
Similarity and difference of
- internal structure: simple vs. complex stems
- external structure: functions in different word orders / positionss
- meaning: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy
- appearance: shared and different distinctive features
Paradigmatic relations in syntax
Syntagmatic relations
Linguistic “glue” combinatory relations: create larger signs (& their
realisations & interpretations) from smaller signs (& their
realisations & interpretations)
Phonology: Consonants and Vowels are glued together as core and periphery of syllables.
Morphology: lexical morphemes & affixes are glued together into derived stems; stems are glued together into compound stems; stems and inflections are glued together into words.
Syntax: nouns and verbs are glued together as the subjects and predicates
of sentences.
Semiotic relations
Signs are structured in terms of their position in a size hierarchy; the positions in the hierarchy are sometimes referred to as ranks. Signs at each of these ranks have structure (internal and external) and semiotic relations (functions and realisations).
Example to demonstrate syntacmatic relations
Suzy Subject, which links noun to the rest of the sentence
Is Grammatical agreement
drinking Relation
hot object modifies and describes chocolate specifically
chocolate Object
Interpretation and realisation
Realisation: the visual appearance or acoustic representation of
Interpretation: the assignment of meaning to a sign
The sign hierarchy - ranks
The signs of these ranks have an internal and external structure and semiotic relations (functions and realisations).
3. Tasks and Quizzes
Paradigmatic relations - Syntax
How many items in total in the left, mid, and right sets?
The left section (different kinds of determiners) is limited because there are only a limited number of determiners. The mid section (nouns) and the right section (verbs) contain an unlimited number of nouns and verbs.
How many items in the sentence set shown?
There are altogether 18 items.
How many of these actually exist, and how many do not?
Every item exists, it I possible to exchange an item with any other to create a reasonable sentence.
Paradigmatic relations – phonology
The left section (different kinds of determiners) is limited because there are only a limited number of determiners. The mid section (nouns) and the right section (verbs) contain an unlimited number of nouns and verbs.
How many items in the sentence set shown?
There are altogether 18 items.
How many of these actually exist, and how many do not?
Every item exists, it I possible to exchange an item with any other to create a reasonable sentence.
Paradigmatic relations – phonology
How many items in total in the left, mid, and right sets?
In the left and in the right section three possible unvoiced plosives, in the mid section shows a selection of phonemes which refer to vowels.
How many items in the sentence set shown?
There are altogether 27 items.
How many of these actually exist, and how many do not?
Possible are all combinations.
Paradigmatic relations: morphology
In the left and in the right section three possible unvoiced plosives, in the mid section shows a selection of phonemes which refer to vowels.
How many items in the sentence set shown?
There are altogether 27 items.
How many of these actually exist, and how many do not?
Possible are all combinations.
Paradigmatic relations: morphology
How many items in total in the left, mid, and right sets?
Two different morphemes in the left section (prefixes) and two morphemes in the right section (suffixes). The mid set consists of just one morpheme (meaning). All possible combinations for this particular bound morpheme are shown.
How many items in the set shown?
There are altogether 12 items.
How many of these actually exist, and how many do not?
Only one combination is possible when creating new words out of the given morphemes. By forming a word it is possible to create other word. However some combinations would not make sense.
Identify the syntagmatic relations in the following constructions
/frIdз/, /streIts/, /prзər /
There are syntagmatic relations in phonology, the vowels are glued together
department store detective
Department is a word which consist of a stem (depart-) and a suffix (-ment). The hole
expression is glued together of department+store+detective.
three people saw a woman and her dog in the shop
three people Subject
saw Main verb
a woman accusative object
and coordinating
her dog accusative object
in the shop adverb of place
Identify the paradigmatic relations in the following sets (describe similarities and differences)
{/p/, /t/, /k/}
Similarities
All phonemes are plosives sounds meaning the speaker blocks or stops the airstream by forming a complete closure with the articulators, builds up air pressure and suddenly releases the air "explosively"
(http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Summer97/VerbSem/vsemss97/node4.html, 8.12.1007)
Differences
The phoneme "p" is a bilabial sound which means that ii is produced by bringing both lips together. The phoneme "t" as an alveolar sound. It is produced with the tip of the tongue at or near the upper front teeth called the alveolar ridge. The phoneme "k" belongs to the plosive sounds which I already explained above.
(http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Summer97/VerbSem/vsemss97/node4.html, 8.12.1007)
{“object”, “furniture”, “chair”, “table”}
Similarities
All words belong to the class of nouns and are interchangeable.
Differences
They have a different meaning and so they cannot be classified as synonyms.
{“walk”, “drive”, “run”, “ride”}
Similarities
All verbs describe a kind of moving
Differences
Analyse the components of the following item into units of different ranks
her step-mother bought her a pre-paid phone card
Word
her genitive object
step-mother subject
bought predicate
her dative object
a determiner
pre-paid phone card accusative object
Morpheme
derived words
step – mother step is a prefix
pre - paid pre is a prefix
compound word
phone card two stems which could stand on their own
Two different morphemes in the left section (prefixes) and two morphemes in the right section (suffixes). The mid set consists of just one morpheme (meaning). All possible combinations for this particular bound morpheme are shown.
How many items in the set shown?
There are altogether 12 items.
How many of these actually exist, and how many do not?
Only one combination is possible when creating new words out of the given morphemes. By forming a word it is possible to create other word. However some combinations would not make sense.
Identify the syntagmatic relations in the following constructions
/frIdз/, /streIts/, /prзər /
There are syntagmatic relations in phonology, the vowels are glued together
department store detective
Department is a word which consist of a stem (depart-) and a suffix (-ment). The hole
expression is glued together of department+store+detective.
three people saw a woman and her dog in the shop
three people Subject
saw Main verb
a woman accusative object
and coordinating
her dog accusative object
in the shop adverb of place
Identify the paradigmatic relations in the following sets (describe similarities and differences)
{/p/, /t/, /k/}
Similarities
All phonemes are plosives sounds meaning the speaker blocks or stops the airstream by forming a complete closure with the articulators, builds up air pressure and suddenly releases the air "explosively"
(http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Summer97/VerbSem/vsemss97/node4.html, 8.12.1007)
Differences
The phoneme "p" is a bilabial sound which means that ii is produced by bringing both lips together. The phoneme "t" as an alveolar sound. It is produced with the tip of the tongue at or near the upper front teeth called the alveolar ridge. The phoneme "k" belongs to the plosive sounds which I already explained above.
(http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Summer97/VerbSem/vsemss97/node4.html, 8.12.1007)
{“object”, “furniture”, “chair”, “table”}
Similarities
All words belong to the class of nouns and are interchangeable.
Differences
They have a different meaning and so they cannot be classified as synonyms.
{“walk”, “drive”, “run”, “ride”}
Similarities
All verbs describe a kind of moving
Differences
Analyse the components of the following item into units of different ranks
her step-mother bought her a pre-paid phone card
Word
her genitive object
step-mother subject
bought predicate
her dative object
a determiner
pre-paid phone card accusative object
Morpheme
derived words
step – mother step is a prefix
pre - paid pre is a prefix
compound word
phone card two stems which could stand on their own
4. Evaluation
There were a lot of new information in this lecture, probably a little bit to much, it was hard to follow the lecture. Nevertheless the topic is interesting.
5. References
http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/~gibbon/Classes/Classes2007WS/ITL/index.html
http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Summer97/VerbSem/vsemss97/node4.html
Keine Kommentare:
Kommentar veröffentlichen