Lecture Six, 21st of November 2007
Morphology - word construction
1. Introduction
2. Learner's Diary
3. Tasks and Quizzes
4. Evaluation
5. References
1. Introduction
The topic of the lesson were the morphology studies, the internal structure of words and about an other topic of Mr. Trippel's presentation, words and their parts.
2. Learner's Diary
Morphology describes the anatomy of a word. Therefore it is necessary to describe the word word.
A word is
- the smallest unit of a sentence.
- a string of letters separated by a space.
- a string of speech sounds separated by a pause.
- one or more morphemes which can stand alone.
- words make up sentences, which is referred to as syntax
- pronunciation with speech sounds - phonemes
- meaningful (sub)structure of words - morphology
Morphology
Morphology is the study of the formation of words, morpheme are the smallest units of a language that carry meaning. A word can be comprised of one or more morpheme.
- try = attempt to do something
- try + “in the past” = tried
- try + “at the moment” = trying
Distinction
A simple word consists of only one morpheme. (boy, man, radio, book, paper) A complex word contains more than one morpheme (computer, boys, radio-recorder,
bookshelf, magnetize) In addition there is a differentiation between free morphemes and bound morphemes. A free morpheme can occur as a simple word, e.g. boy, radio, man. A bound morpheme can only occur in connection with other morphemes, e.g. -s, -ion, un-, -ize. Allomorphs are variant forms of a morpheme, e.g. the -s at the end of a plural word.
The English word
English words consist of a stem and an inflection. The stem carries a lexical meaning and the inflection a grammatical meaning.
A stem has lexical meaning, e.g. table, chair, wonderful, happiness. An inflection has grammatical meaning and relates a word to its syntactic context and relates a word to its semantic context.
Inflexions of English words are
suffixes (or stem vowel changes):
- person
- number
- case
inflexions in other languages may be
- prefixes (many African languages)
- suffixes (as in English and German)
- circumfixes (German)
- superfixes (stress languages; tone languages)
- infix: affix which is inserted within a root (linking two words into a compound)
- circumfix: affix that is placed around a morpheme; only occurs in German
Morphology - word construction
1. Introduction
2. Learner's Diary
3. Tasks and Quizzes
4. Evaluation
5. References
1. Introduction
The topic of the lesson were the morphology studies, the internal structure of words and about an other topic of Mr. Trippel's presentation, words and their parts.
2. Learner's Diary
Morphology describes the anatomy of a word. Therefore it is necessary to describe the word word.
A word is
- the smallest unit of a sentence.
- a string of letters separated by a space.
- a string of speech sounds separated by a pause.
- one or more morphemes which can stand alone.
- words make up sentences, which is referred to as syntax
- pronunciation with speech sounds - phonemes
- meaningful (sub)structure of words - morphology
Morphology
Morphology is the study of the formation of words, morpheme are the smallest units of a language that carry meaning. A word can be comprised of one or more morpheme.
- try = attempt to do something
- try + “in the past” = tried
- try + “at the moment” = trying
Distinction
A simple word consists of only one morpheme. (boy, man, radio, book, paper) A complex word contains more than one morpheme (computer, boys, radio-recorder,
bookshelf, magnetize) In addition there is a differentiation between free morphemes and bound morphemes. A free morpheme can occur as a simple word, e.g. boy, radio, man. A bound morpheme can only occur in connection with other morphemes, e.g. -s, -ion, un-, -ize. Allomorphs are variant forms of a morpheme, e.g. the -s at the end of a plural word.
The English word
English words consist of a stem and an inflection. The stem carries a lexical meaning and the inflection a grammatical meaning.
A stem has lexical meaning, e.g. table, chair, wonderful, happiness. An inflection has grammatical meaning and relates a word to its syntactic context and relates a word to its semantic context.
Inflexions of English words are
suffixes (or stem vowel changes):
- person
- number
- case
inflexions in other languages may be
- prefixes (many African languages)
- suffixes (as in English and German)
- circumfixes (German)
- superfixes (stress languages; tone languages)
- infix: affix which is inserted within a root (linking two words into a compound)
- circumfix: affix that is placed around a morpheme; only occurs in German
Stems of English words are
simple (roots, lexical morphemes)
complex, i.e. at least one of the following:
derivations (a stem and a derivational affix, e.g.)
- red+ish = reddish
- beauty + ful = beautiful
Compounds (a stem plus another stem, e.g.)
- armchair
- whisky-soda
- red-head
both synthetic compounds (a derivation plus a stem, e.g.)
- bus-driver
- steam-roller
Definitions of words and their parts (abstract)
simple (roots, lexical morphemes)
complex, i.e. at least one of the following:
derivations (a stem and a derivational affix, e.g.)
- red+ish = reddish
- beauty + ful = beautiful
Compounds (a stem plus another stem, e.g.)
- armchair
- whisky-soda
- red-head
both synthetic compounds (a derivation plus a stem, e.g.)
- bus-driver
- steam-roller
Definitions of words and their parts (abstract)
Some simplex and complex words
simplex:
- oh, ah, eh, oo, I, err, owe, ewe
- pa, ma, far, car, star
complex:
derivations (based on one root):
- unable, impossible, happiness, temerity
- temerity, antidisestablishmentarianism
compounds (based on more than one root/stem):
- endocentric: jam-jar, honeypot, harddisk, bus-stop
- bicentric: whisky-soda, gentleman-farmer
- exocentric: red-head, redskin, blue-stocking
Roots and affixes are morphemes
Morphemes are smallest meaningful parts of words
Two types of morphemes
lexical morpheme (content morpheme, root):
- open set: girl, boy, car, box, spoon, grass, sky
grammatical morpheme (structural morpheme):
- closed set
free: prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs
bound: affixes, suffixes (in word formation and inflection
Morphemes and allomorphs
Morphemes are realised in different contexts by
- allomorphs
- variant pronunciations
Examples
Nouns: cats, dogs, horses, oxen, men, women, children
Verbs: hits, bids, hisses, buzzes, itches
3. Tasks and Quizzes
Find at least 20 simple words
ball, stone, tree, money, ball, nut, fruit, blood, head, pillow, book, bottle, rose, flower, word, face, oven, fish, water, ring
Find at least 20 complex words
ice-cream, bathroom, disappearance, enforcement, bookstore, attention, separation, breakfast, possibility, laptop, boyfriend, football, characteristics, afternoon, picture, opportunist, compromise, architecture, symphony, criminal
Which of them are similar?
bathroom, bookstore, afternoon, laptop
Can you describe the similarity?
consist of two words
Can you find a relation between some of your simple words and complex words?
Some of the simple words are part of a complex word, e.g. ball in football
Make a list of 20 free morphemes
boy, mouth, ball, cat, ship, beauty, social, pencil, frost, love, clock, door, friend, cream, power, sister, father, folder, shoe, tie
Find bound morphemes
-s, -ion, -ize, un-, de-, anti-, -ed, im-, -ful, -ing,
Complete the sentences
Every word contains a base.
A morpheme that is also a word is called a free morpheme.
A morpheme that needs a root to make up a word is called a bound morpheme.
An affix in front of a base is called a prefix behind a base it is called a suffix.
Both, simple words and complex words can be the base for a more complex word.
Every root,(suffix, prefix) is a (base, suffix), but not every (base, suffix) is a root,(suffix, prefix)
Find other compounds in English with a head that is a
noun - football, bookstore, ice-cold
verb - highlight, cold-blooded
adjectives - slowcoach, free time
Find other compounds in English with a modifier that is a
noun – asparagus bed, violin bow
verb – go-ahead, try-on
adjectives – green card, hot dog
prepositions – outside, inside, downstairs
Select of the following parts of speech 3 each and derive as many words as possible from them!
Verbs
fight fighting, fight back, rooster fight, pillow fight, fighter, fight bomber
believe believer, believes, make-believe, believing, believable,
sleep sleeper, sleeping, sleep-in, sleepiness, sleep disturbance, sleepy
Nouns
child childish, childhood, children, childbirth, child care, childless, childishness, childlike, child minder, child prodigy
construct construction, constructional, constructive, constructor,
home homeless, homemade, homeliness, homelike, homely, homemaker,
homeward,
Adjectives
smooth smoothie, smoothness, smooth-tongued, smooth away
flat flat, flat-rate, flatbread, flat out, B flat, flatlet, flatly, flatness, flatten
4. Evaluation
The lesson today was easy to understand, a little bit difficult was the fact, that there were two presentations.
5. References
http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/~gibbon/Classes/Classes2007WS/ITL/index.html
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